
Though the volume of world wheat
trade has changed little in the past 15
years, shares of trade volume in exporting
countries have changed quite a bit. The
U.S. remains the largest exporter, but U.S.
farmers are increasingly producing other
crops, like corn and soybeans, so the U.S.
share of the wheat market has fallen from
40 percent in the 1970s to 23 percent
(forecast) for 2002/03. This shift in U.S.
agricultural production, combined with
rising prices caused by drought in three of
the largest exporters—U.S., Australia, and
Canada—has created opportunities for
“nontraditional” wheat exporters.
With their favorable climates and
large land bases, the former Soviet Union
(FSU) and Central and Eastern Europe are
traditional places for wheat production.
Reductions in agricultural subsidies dur-
ing the 1990s, however, caused a sharp
drop in livestock production, which, in
turn, curtailed domestic demand for
wheat as an animal feed. While wheat
output also fell, recent large harvests,
caused largely by favorable weather, have
supported wheat exports. FSU wheat
exports surged in 2001/02 and 2002/03 as
increasing world prices generated the
investment needed to expand port
capacity. In 2002/03, Russia is expected to
be the world’s third largest wheat
exporter, behind the U.S. and the
European Union (EU).
India, Pakistan, and China have also
become net exporters of wheat in recent
years. High government production sup-
ports during the 1990s boosted production
and stocks. When the cost of maintaining
these stocks became burdensome, exports
increased, particularly as prices increased
in 2002/03. However, these opportunistic
exports are not expected to persist
because these countries are unable to pro-
duce wheat cheaply enough to sustain
increased exports without large subsidies.
The EU continues to be a large wheat
exporter. Historically, EU wheat produc-
tion and exports depended on large
subsidies. Despite lower domestic wheat
prices, EU wheat production has grown
because of favorable net returns compared
with those for other crops. Lower prices
have increased the domestic feed use of
wheat, limiting exports.
The U.S. is expected to remain the
world’s largest wheat exporter, though its
share will likely decline if U.S. producers
continue to turn to other crops and if
other countries find wheat profitable. As
export shares shift, changes in U.S. supply
will not affect prices as much as in the
past. For example, when the U.S., Canada,
and Australia suffered from drought in
2002/03, nontraditional exporters and the
EU were able to export enough to keep a
lid on prices.
Edward W.Allen
,
ewallen@ers.usda.gov
RonaldTrostle
,
rtrostle@ers.usda.gov
This finding is drawn from .
.
.
WheatYearbook
, 03.27.03, available at:
www.ers.usda.gov/publications/so/view.asp?f=
field/whs-bby
ERS Wheat Briefing Room, at www.ers.usda.
gov/Briefing/Wheat
4
ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE/USDA
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MARKETS AND TRADE
Nontraditional
Exporters
Increase Role in
Wheat Markets
U.S. share of world wheat market is declining
0
20
40
60
80
1960 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02
100
120
Exports, million metric tons
Source: USDA Production, Supply, and Distribution database.
Other
Former Soviet Union & Central and Eastern Europe
European Union 15
Canada, Australia, & Argentina
U.S.
Photo by Tim McCabe, USDA/NRCS